01
概述
日本曾经尝试适用英美法系中创网,但最后放弃,转而适用德国的民法法系。
JapantriedtousetheEnglishlegalsystemandgaveup,andswitchedtoaGermansystem.
德国的民法法系的优点在于其简明性,大体上所有法律都可以在“一本书”即“成文法典”,例如民法典、刑法典等上来体现。它国可以直接借鉴德国的成文法,吸收转化为本国的法律体系,对于从零开始重新建立自己的法律体系的国家借鉴体系化的成文法典是非常简便的方式。
The nice thing about the German system is that in principle the entire law is in one book. You borrow a civil code, adopt it. Very useful if you are building a legal system from scratch.
adpot:采取,采纳
code:法典
普通法系的问题在于其没有一本“单一的书”可以供你参考,你无法明确地指出“这就是法律”。在法律体系的适用上语言也是一个问题。面对民法法系,你只需将其德文法律文本中的法律原理翻译为日文或中文,即可获得在本国可简单适用的法律体系。
The problem with common law is that there isn’t a single book that you can point to and say “here is the law.”
This also gets you into problems with language. What you can do with civil law is to take the book which is written in German, and then translate all of the principles into Japanese and Chinese, and now you have a legal system that works in Japanese and Chinese.
common law:普通法,也称判例法
而普通法系的问题在于,你不使用英文就无法轻易进入普通法体系。民法法系以“可翻译”的单一成文法为基础,但普通法系是基于上百年的法院“英文裁决”。例如在香港,言辞诉讼过程中可以使用英语或中文(粤语),但案件的书面记录都是采用英文记录的。
The trouble with common law is that you simply cannot have a common law system that does not use English.
Civil law is based on a single code that you can translate, but common law is based on hundreds of years of court decisions that are written in English. In the case of Hong Kong, oral proceedings are in English or Cantonese, but the written record of the cases are in English.
再者,民法法系对新发展中国家来说更“友好”。在民法法系下你可以写出一部成文法典,然后让有权机关给予其法律效力,只需要说“这就是法律“即可。而普通法的运作原理却不同,法律不是一个人说是就是的。此外大陆法系国家有哪些大陆法系国家有哪些,如果你是民法法系下的有权机关,你可以修改你不喜欢的法律。但对于普通法系即使你是国王或类似地位的机构,你也不能命令法官改变判例法的适用,以达改变法律的目的。
Also civil law works a lot better with new developing countries. With civil law, you can write a book, and then have the emperor or whoever is in charge say *THIS IS THE LAW*. Common law just doesn’t work that way. You can’t just have the king say *THIS IS THE LAW*.
In addition, if you are the king or emperor, and you have civil law, then you can order that the laws be changed if you don’t like them. This really doesn’t work that well with common law, since you can’t as the king (or the emperor or the party) order the judges to just change the law.
02
详细介绍
关于本文开头的问题是一个值得研究的学术问题。上文的回答也较为浅显,适合当作英语阅读练习文本。
这里推荐一下王立民教授的“中国近代成为大陆法系国家的原因及相关问题探析 ”。
03
两大法系融合的趋势
大陆法系在经过了这么多年的变迁和发展,与其他法系的界限其实已经日渐模糊。特别是在全球化迅速发展的今天,世界经济全球化的加速发展使得社会生活的各个领域都在向全球化发展,法律当然也不会例外。日本在继承大陆法系的同时对大陆法系的改革也尤为明显,特别是在二战之后吸收了英美法系的各种法律制度之后,更是对大陆法系的一个巨大改革。在当今国家之间交流不断加强的背景下和中国命运共同体的提出及“一带一路”的发展下,国际法和国际条约会不断增加。而国内的法律在与各种国际性的法律并存的过程中,则必然会产生一些冲突,并且会不断相互作用、相互影响。这自然也会推动国内法律的发展和法律之间的嫁接,必然也会加快促进大陆法系与其他法系之间的相互融合。
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