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高考英语备考专栏
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语法专栏丨 动词语态
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1F
基础陈述
被动语态(Passive voice)是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
由于文化差异，汉语是意义表达的语言，可以用“被”“受”“给”“为….所”等被动词来表示被动意义 。但是在英语中，需要用形式结构来表达被动，由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
【过去分词变化】（点击文字即可查看下载）
在被动语态的时态变化时，只需要改变be动词的形式，同时当有其他语法要求时，只需要在be动词上进行人称,数,时态的变化，而过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
高考加油
2F
时态及被动语态结合
在英语中只有及物动词(vt.)和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
【复习】动词分类：
[16种时态及被动语态]见下表
[时态及情态动词的被动]见下表
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3F
用法精讲
01
单宾语动词
【原句】主（动作发出者）+谓语+宾语（动作承受者）
【被动】动作承受者（宾语）+be+动词过去分词+by +动作发出者（主语）
①强调动作的承受者,需要写上by。
如：This famous book called little princewas written byAntoine de Saint-Exupéry.
②不知动作发出者或者动作发出者是众所周知的情况时,by可省略。
如：This beautiful vast was broken the day before yesterday.
02
双宾语动词
①“v+间宾+直宾”=②“v+直宾+to/for+间宾”
①结构变被动语态。
如：His mother gave him a book he loves.
→He was given a book he loves by his mother.
②结构变被动语态。
如：His mother gave him a book he loves.
→A book he loves was given to him by his mother.
Her father made her a wooden plane.
→A wooden plane was made for her by her father.
03
使役/感官动词
在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
如：My father saw a stranger walk at the street.➡A stranger was seen to walk at the street （by my father）.
如：The boss made the poor man work 14 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 14 hours a day.
(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作14小时）
→（这个可怜人被迫一天工作14小时)
【注】当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时被动语态的结构，可用不带to 的不定式。
如：They let the strange go.➡ The strange was let go.他们放陌生人走了。
当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. ➡ I was allowed / permitted1 to see my classmate in the hospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
04
动词短语
“动词+…+介词”需要视作一个整体，后面的介词或副词不可省略。
如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.
→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.
(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)
05
主动表被动
1）当不及物动词用来描述主语特征，属性，性质时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open被动语态的结构，sell，read，write，wash等。
如：This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布很好洗。
2）blame, remain, keep, rent, build等。
如：I was to blame for the accident.事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3）need, require, want, worth, deserve后的现在分词形式表示被动意义。
如：The window needs repairing.
= The window needs to be repaired. 窗户该修了。
This novel is worth reading.这本小说值得一读。
4）特殊结构：get/have sth done等。
如：I had my broken windows repaired yesterday.昨天我把车修理了。
5）介词短语表示被动意义：
① “under +名词”结构项目加盟，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
如：The building is under construction( is being constructed).
② “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制）。
如：The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
③ “above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。
如：His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
④“for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
如：That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
⑤ “in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
如：The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
06
其他形式
①表示”据说”或”相信” 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。
如：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that…大家相信
It is hoped that…大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that…大家认为
It is suggested that…据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided4 that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
②被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。
如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
[注意]：表示同某人结婚, 用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。
如：She married a rich man. 她与一个富翁结婚了。
③“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)
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07
不用被动
1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语(vi.)，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
如：This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
3）系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
高考加油
被动语态练习题（在PDF文档中）
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